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I was given a bonsai as a gift around 6 months ago but recently the leaves have been turning yellow and then brown and falling off. I have been following general bonsai care guidelines as I had trouble identifying it. Does anyone know what species this is? Also, upon investigation under the moss of my tree to see if the soil was too wet/dry I noticed these little orange and white balls in the soil, and the orange ones are crunchy and hollow, kind of like a popcorn kernel shell, and I also noticed tiny black bugs in the soil and around the plant. What would be the best way to deal with this? Insecticide (and if so which ones are safe for use on bonsai's) or re-potting with new soil?

IngySam wrote: I was given a [strike]bonsai[/strike]

Mallsai.

little orange and white balls in the soil, and the orange ones are crunchy and hollow

Osmocote + perlite.

I also noticed tiny black bugs in the soil and around the plant

Can only guess without a picture of the bugs. Fungus gnats. You're overwatering.

You should have identified your plant 6 months ago. It's a bit late now to ask for care guidelines.
Looks like a carmona.

Welcome to the forum. Your tree looks like a tough survivor. Thats a fukien tea, very common one they sell in most of stores. If it is a bonsai is a whole another question. Once you get the know-how to repot get rid of this pot and soil, you will do a good favor to your tree. Good luck.

spacewood wrote: get rid of this pot and soil

Why?

Ugly

Just a general how-to here and example what to look for. Checking at least two sources for one inquiry is recommended -