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Although it’s in the wild, in this case, it’s my back yard.
I’d like to know how to cut down the root ball to fit a bonsai pot.
In more detail the knowledge of the percentage of what to cut and time frame, the time between cutting more to complete it.

This is soo very much dependent on the species, the climate and the age of the tree. Impossible to answer generically..

In general the initial rootball will be large. For deciduous species main roots can be cut back to stumps. For pines you need to get plenty of growing tips. Normally you do not put it in a bonsai container but in a grow box. The grow box is as small as it can be with the collected rootball. And you collect with as many roots as you can. Only when the tree has fully recovered -age species climate dependent this can be after a few weeks to half a decade) and has created loads of roots can you look at reducing a rootball to fit a bonsai pot. (That being said, the bonsai pot is normally something you do last in the development of bonsai. Only when the basic work is done would I move a tree to a bonsai pot, giving it extra power to grow new branches, set existing ones and build basicbranch structure.

I know putting them into a bonsai pot is the “final” step.
In this case, it would be pine. Can I trim the taproot back a little when cleaning the root base. By replacing the growing material with a courser mix would that help the pine to produce more feeders so down the road I can cut back more?

I think people talk too much about taproots. Very few species make a single root dropping down. And those that do, only have such a dominant root for the first few years of their life.

I am not very good with pines, so do not take my words for gospel, but as far as I know, pines do not make taproots. Depending on the soil it is growin in you might find that to roots extend very far from the tree. But yeah, if it survives and is planted in a proper medium there should be more side roots after a few years so you can reduce the rootbal. However, pine make few roots so I know many people do very little trimming of the roots, and choose to just fold the roots in the pot in the first few repots. Rootbal reduction with pines is slow going, especially f you have old trees